During his first missionary journey, after he crossed inland from the southern coast of Turkey, Paul used the Via Sebaste, a road built under Augustus in 6 B.C., which connected six military colonies, including Antioch in Pisidia. Much of his other travels in Galatia and Phrygia, however, were on unpaved tracks.
During his second missionary journey, after landing at Neapolis, Paul took the Via Egnatia from Philippi to Thessalonica. This major highway was built by the Romans after they had taken over Macedonia in 148 B.C. It spanned Greece and was eventually extended east beyond Philippi to Byzantium. Paul left this road when he went south to Berea, but he must have taken it later when he evangelized Illyricum (Yugoslavia; see Rom. 15:19).
The Road to Corinth torrent
Download Zip: https://tlniurl.com/2vIvch
Those who traveled by carriage could cover between 25 and 50 miles per day. Roman vehicles had no springs, so the passengers felt every bump on the road. The Romans had such vehicles as the carpentum, a two-wheeled deluxe carriage, the redda, a four-wheeled wagon, and the carruca, a covered wagon. Wealthy individuals, like the Ethiopian treasurer of Queen Candace of Meroe, could afford a chauffeur-driven chariot (see Acts 8:28, 38).
The present study focuses on the area of the Xerias torrent drainage basin, located at Northeastern Peloponnese, Greece. The study area is situated at the eastern part of the Gulf of Corinth, an active tectonic rift, characterized by high seismic activity and intense extension which is accommodated by a series of major active normal faults. As a result, it has frequently suffered damage from earthquakes which in some cases were accompanied by seismically-induced phenomena. These secondary phenomena include landslides and soil liquefaction and in some cases have the potential to cause more damage and casualties than the earthquake itself. Classic deterministic and probabilistic approaches of seismic hazard assessment do not account for seismically-induced phenomena and accordingly such analyses overlook areas prone to these secondary effects. The aim of our research is to evaluate seismic hazard not only as the hazard associated with the occurrence of potential earthquakes in the particular area, but also assess areas exposed to slope destabilization phenomena and soil liquefaction under seismic shaking. For this purpose we will use the pure statistical and the semi-statistical seismic hazard approaches along with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to estimate the susceptibility of the study area to earthquakes and their triggering effects. AHP is a multi-criteria decision making method that helps to deal with a complex problem taking into account multiple conflicting criteria. Initially, we evaluated separately the hazard from earthquakes, seismically-induced landslides and soil liquefaction. Subsequently we stacked them into one single hazard map reflecting a holistic seismic hazard assessment. Initially, we estimated a hazard map associated merely with the seismic potential of the study area. In this context, we used a pure statistical and a semi-statistical approach by means of the extreme values method and the Cornell approach and estimated the spatial distribution of the maximum expected values of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) as well as Moment Magnitude for a return period of 475 years. These two data layers were inserted into the AHP along with information about the geological formations and the active faults of the study area, to produce the earthquake hazard assessment map. The map was produced using Geographic Information System (GIS), by applying weights and drawing a hierarchical structure to the sub-criteria of the above thematic layers. Next, we evaluated separately the earthquake-induced landslide hazard. For this purpose we incorporated into the AHP the parameters of the maximum expected values of Arias Intensity for a return period of 475 years, slope, lithology, aspect, distance to streams, distance to roads, landuse and topographic position index (tpi). Using GIS we produced a map depicting where earthquake-induced landslides are most likely to occur. Afterwards, we evaluated the soil liquefaction hazard adopting the same approach, using the parameters of compound topographic index (cti), type of soils, distance to streams and the magnitude weighted PGA. Finally, we stacked these three hazard maps and we classified the study area into four hazard levels corresponding to a complete seismic hazard map that accounts for earthquakes and for seismically-induced secondary effects.
I wish I could post a picture of the Kishon River flooding March 2012. It was overflowing it's banks and some of the surrounding fields were flooded. Not a mighty river but before modern roads it would have been difficult to cross for sure.
PLAN OF CORINTH. A. Acrocorinthus.
B. Suburb Craneium.
C. Lechaeum.
1. Agora.
2. Temple of Athena Chalinitis.
3. Temple of Apollo.
4. Gate of Cenchreae.
5. Gate of Lechaeum.
6. Gate of Sicyon.
7. Gate of Tenca.
8. Fountain of Peirene.
9. Sisypheium. [p. 1.680]
[264] You gods, who hold the domain of spirits! You voiceless shades! You, Chaos, and you, Phlegethon, you broad, hushed tracts of night! Suffer me to tell what I have heard; suffer me of your grace to unfold secrets buried in the depths and darkness of the earth!
A flood caused by heavy or excessive rainfall in a short period of time, generally less than 6 hours. Flash floods are usually characterized by raging torrents after heavy rains that rip through riverbeds, urban streets, or mountain canyons sweeping everything before them. They can occur within minutes or a few hours of excessive rainfall. They can also occur even if no rain has fallen, for instance after a levee or dam has failed, or after a sudden release of water by a debris or ice jam.
Reports of scouts are very contradictory. Five guns were withdrawn from Cumberland Gap and taken toward Knoxville three days ago, doubtless intended for Corinth. Two days before they were removed I arrested a woman, who had eluded our pickets and gained Cumberland Gap to see here husband. She reports that at that time there were twenty-seven guns. Morgan's disaffected battalion has been sent to Kingston and is replaced by a Georgia regiment. The enemy is building boats on the Powell, Holston, and Clinch. I doubt the truth of this rumor, but should not be surprised if the enemy abandons Cumberland Gap. On yesterday I sent out Carter and De Courcy, with considerable force, to enable my acting topographical engineers to make a thorough reconnaissance-take heights, distances,&c. Despite all obstacles my preparations are rapidly advancing. In forty-eight hours more a floating bridge will be completed over the Cumberland. The 20-pounders will reach here in seven or eight days, provided the rain does not continue. Late floods carried away bridges over little torrents.
They are rebuilt. It rained all last night. I appreciate the importance of getting into East Tennessee, and will soon do so. I sent a letter to Kirby Smith, signed by General Carter, in order to ascertain his locality, but in reply he simply dated his letter Department of East Tennessee, April 19. I believe he is at Corinth. It is represented that the enemy has four regiments at Knoxville, two at Morristown, and one at Clinton, and a force at Kingston, as well as small parties along the railroad.
Movements continue. Roads hard. Require a great deal of work of heavy trains. Reconnaissance to Purdy was successful. They destroyed two bridges on Mobile and Ohio Railroad and captured one locomotive and train men.
Transports will be sent you as soon aspossible, to move your column up the Tennessee River. The main object of thisexpedition will be to destroy the railroad-bridge over Bear Creek, nearEastport, Mississippi; and also the railroad connections at Corinth, Jackson,and Humboldt. It is thought best that these objects be attempted in the ordernamed. Strong detachments of cavalry and light artillery, supported byinfantry, may by rapid movements reach these points from the river, without anyserious opposition.
Perhaps the troops sent to Jackson andHumboldt can reach Paris by land as easily as to return to the transports. Thismust depend on the character of the roads and the position of the enemy. Alltelegraphic lines which can be reached must be cut. The gunboats will accompanythe transports for their protection. Any loyal Tennesseeans who desire it, maybe enlisted and supplied with arms. Competent officers should be loft tocommand Forts Henry and Donelson in your absence. I have indicated in generalterms the object of this.
Halleck was evidently working himself into a passion, but hewas too far from the seat of war to make due allowance for the actual state offacts. General Grant had done so much, that General Halleck should have beenpatient. Meantime, at Paducah I was busy sending boats in everydirection—some under the orders of General Halleck, others of GeneralCullum; others for General Grant, and still others for General Buell atNashville; and at the same time I was organizing out of the new troops thatwere arriving at Paducah a division for myself when allowed to take the field,which I had been promised by General Halleck. His purpose was evidently tooperate up the Tennessee River, to break up Bear Greek Bridge and the railroadcommunications between the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers, and no doubt hewas provoked that Generals Grant and Smith had turned aside to Nashville. Inthe mean time several of the gunboats, under Captain Phelps, United StatesNavy, had gone up the Tennessee as far as Florence, and on their return hadreported a strong Union feeling among the people along the river. On the 10thof March, having received the necessary orders from General Halleck, I embarkedmy division at Paducah. It was composed of four brigades. The First, commandedby Colonel S. G. Hicks, was composed of the Fortieth Illinois, Forty-sixthOhio, and Morion's Indiana lottery, on the boats Sallie List, Golden Gate, J.B.Adams, and Lancaster. 2ff7e9595c
Comments